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科学家发现宇宙黎明时期“黑洞星”_我的网站
A | From 7 a.m. onward Sunday, ballot boxes in Poland started filling up so fast that spare ones had to be dusted off and more ballots needed to be printed. No one had anticipated such long lines throughout the country.Voting was to end at 9 p.m., but by law, polling stations stayed open to accept all who queued up, and the last one closed at 5 a.m. Monday. Some voters braved the night chill for up to eight hours to cast their vote.This resulted in a record turnout of nearly 74% -- highest voter turnout in Poland since 1919 and even higher than that of the first free elections after the fall of communism in 1989.The high turnout confirmed that millions of Poles agree these parliamentary elections may have been the most decisive in the last three decades. Either they would allow the ruling right-wing populist Law and Justice (PiS) party to extend its eight-year hold on power for another four-year term, or they would opt for the return of a liberal democracy.Late poll figures univocally indicate that opposition parties stand a realistic chance to form Poland's next government.The PiS conservatives currently in power took 36% of the vote, but that doesn't translate into a seat majority in parliament, which would allow it to form a Cabinet. Latest polls show they would have 196 deputies in the 460-seat legislature as opposed to 249 seats won by the broad Civic Coalition of opposition parties led by Donald Tusk, former president of the European Council.Sunday's vote was a confrontation of two radically different visions of Poland's future.Conditioned by PiS propaganda that has continually been exploiting fears, PiS supporters claim only that party can secure Poland's sovereignty and protect its interests. The threat of illegal migrants is perhaps the most unifying emotion binding the PiS electorate.Supporters see PiS as their only protector from the alleged dominance of European Union bureaucrats in Brussels and their meddling in Polish affairs.PiS voters turn a blind eye to the fact that the country began to drift toward authoritarian rule, authorities neglect the EU's legal norms and the country continues on a collision course with the Union. Some €36 billion of EU COVID pandemic recovery funds have been frozen in a row over PiS judicial reforms. Many observers believe another PiS term would result in Poland leaving the European Union.Germany, Poland's by far most important trade partner and neighbor, is presented as another source of fear and the country is made out to be an ally of Russia, Poland's greatest foe throughout centuries. But if it's not the threat of German capital buying out Polish industry, then it's the threat of moral decay.In order to appeal to radical voters who accuse the government of extending excessive welfare to Ukrainian refugees, authorities cynically strained relations with Kyiv.PiS voters declare the fear that if the party loses, the next government would take away the generous social benefits PiS guaranteed, such as 14 pensions, child care payments and early retirement.Those who Sunday voted for parties forming the anti-PiS coalition declare they voted for a Poland securely rooted in the European Union.In radio and TV street interviews, they say they want to see Poland mend its strained relations with neighbors, particularly Germany and Ukraine.They do not want to see the Catholic Church influencing state affairs.Sixty-four percent of those polled declare they're in favor of same-sex marriages, and 70% want the new government to liberalize the current strict anti-abortion law.It is uncertain whether Poland's new government will be prepared to meet the more liberal postulates voters expect. The potential ruling coalition's unifying factor is its pro-democratic, pro-EU, anti-PiS stance. Other than that, they often differ in their proposed policies and outlook. They're a broad coalition composed of parties spanning from the far left to liberal conservative.The Civic Coalition's clear victory makes it the only faction in parliament able to constitute Poland's new government. But first, Polish President Andrzej Duda, a PiS nominee, will need to designate a prime minister. Most likely, against the odds, he will name a PiS candidate. That candidate will have little realistic chance of being approved by parliament, and Poland may be faced with many weeks of squabbling and chaos. Constitutionalists predict it may not be until December that Poland gets its new government.。 据最新一期《自然》杂志报道，美国麻省理工学院、奥地利科学技术研究院等机构研究人员利用詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜（JWST），在宇宙诞生后约6.6亿年的宇宙黎明时期发现了迄今已知最早的“黑洞星”。这一由快速成长黑洞及致密气体构成的奇特天体，或有助于揭开神秘“小红点”的真实身份，并为解释早期宇宙超大质量黑洞的快速形成提供线索。 超大质量黑洞通常潜伏在大质量星系中心，质量可达太阳的数百万至数十亿倍。然而，科学家一直难以解释，为何在宇宙诞生后仅数亿年，就已经出现了一些质量巨大的黑洞。
B | 此次发现的天体被命名为“MoM-BH*-1”。研究人员原本利用JWST寻找宇宙早期星系，却在观测数据中发现一个异常明亮、颜色偏红的光点。它的尺度只有太阳系大小，但能量输出却约为普通恒星产生的能量上限的1000亿倍，远超普通恒星核聚变所能达到的水平。 与此同时，MoM-BH*-1的光谱还呈现出一种异常强烈的“巴耳末跳跃”，这种光谱特征通常与恒星大气中的致密气体有关。同时，其光谱中几乎没有金属元素的明显痕迹，主要表现为氢和氦的特征。
C | 研究人员模拟发现，极其致密的氢气可形成类似“巨大恒星表面”的气体包层，吸收特定波长的光，从而解释其特殊光谱。 但这仍无法解释它惊人的亮度。进一步分析显示，最符合观测结果的情景是：MoM-BH*-1中心有一个约为太阳质量10万倍的黑洞，周围包裹着近似太阳系大小的致密氢气。黑洞吸积物质释放的能量为整个系统提供动力，外围气体则让它看起来像一颗巨大的恒星——研究人员因此将其称为“黑洞星”。 “黑洞星”的发现还有助于解释JWST近年来频繁发现的神秘“小红点”。这些紧凑、明亮且偏红的天体在早期宇宙中似乎随处可见，却在今天的宇宙中消失殆尽。研究人员发现，如果将类似MoM-BH*-1的天体置于早期星系中，其整体光谱可能与“小红点”高度相似。
D | （记者张佳欣）。
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